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Prepositions and postpositions, together called adpositions (or broadly, in English, simply prepositions),〔 are a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (''in'', ''under'', ''towards'', ''before'') or marking various semantic roles (''of'', ''for'').〔Huddleston & Pullum (2002), chapter 7.〕 A preposition or postposition typically combines with a noun or pronoun, or more generally a noun phrase, this being called its complement, or sometimes object. A preposition comes before its complement; a postposition comes after its complement. English generally has prepositions rather than postpositions – words such as ''in'', ''under'' and ''of'' precede their objects, as in ''in England'', ''under the table'', ''of Jane'' – although there are a small handful of exceptions including "ago" and "notwithstanding", as in "three days ago" and "financial limitations notwithstanding". Some languages, which use a different word order, have postpositions instead, or have both types. The phrase formed by a preposition or postposition together with its complement is called a prepositional phrase (or postpositional phrase, adpositional phrase, etc.) – such phrases usually play an adverbial role in a sentence. A less common type of adposition is the circumposition, which consists of two parts that appear on each side of the complement. Other terms sometimes used for particular types of adposition include ''ambiposition'', ''inposition'' and ''interposition''. Some linguists use the word ''preposition'' in place of ''adposition'' regardless of the applicable word order.〔An example is Huddleston & Pullum (2002) ("''CGEL''"), whose choice of terms is discussed on p. 602.〕 ==Terminology== The word ''preposition'' comes from (ラテン語:prae) ("before") and (ラテン語:ponere) ("to put"). This refers to the situation in Latin and Greek (and in English), where such words are placed before their complement, and are hence "pre-positioned". In some languages, including Urdu, Turkish, Hindi, Korean and Japanese, the same kind of words typically come after their complement. To indicate this, they are called ''postpositions'' (using the prefix ''post-'', from Latin ''post'' meaning "behind, after"). There are also some cases where the function is performed by two parts coming before and after the complement; this is called a ''circumposition'' (from Latin ''circum'' "around"). Prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions are collectively known as ''adpositions'' (using the Latin prefix ''ad-'', meaning "to"). However, some linguists prefer to use the well-known and longer established term ''preposition'' in place of ''adposition'', irrespective of position relative to the complement.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「preposition and postposition」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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